According to religious teachings, the dignity of the prophets is higher than politics, but if they take the lead, they also acted as politicians and acted in the manner of politicians, including Political Negotiation This is clearly visible in the biography of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), in the Negotiations with "Bani-Zamra", the Negotiations of "Hudaybiyyah" and the Negotiations with "Bani Ashja", and it is also worthy of consideration. From the point of view of research, the "goals of Negotiation" in the Prophetic tradition, is the most prominent distinguishing element of the Negotiations of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), compared to the Negotiations of other politicians. In the present article, using the content analysis method, while reading the historical-narrative sources related to the Political life of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in the three mentioned Negotiations, his most important goals and intentions of Political Negotiation with the opposition, in the form of comprehensive rational goals and limited specific goals. , Has been reviewed and analyzed. From these Negotiations, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) sought to achieve comprehensive and common rational goals, such as: "peaceful settlement of disputes", "securing the interests of the parties" and "creating lasting security" and specific goals appropriate to the time and place in each specific case. , Such as: "preventing military alliance with enemies", "preparing the ground for the conquest of Mecca" and "defending the allies".

Imam Hassan’ s (Peace be upon him) making peace with Mu'aviyah is one of the most controversial historical events from which different interpretations have been made. Some consider it an honorable act in the face of opponents as well as a kind of wise Political Negotiation that has certain principles and criteria, while others consider it a passive and weak act. In the research, by explaining the meaning and components of Political Negotiation and an overview of the accounts of Imam Hassan’ s (AS) conciliatory talks with Mu'aviyah, in a comparative study of the characteristics of Political Negotiation with the dominant features and conditions of this conciliation process, it becomes evident that these debates are a type of Political Negotiation with the opponents and are based on specific principles and criteria. Examining the valid historical and narrative sources related to this process by using a descriptive-analytical method, the study investigates Imam Hassan’ s (AS) most important principles and criteria of conciliation Negotiations with Mu'aviyah, by pointing to time, in the divided forms of "pre-Negotiation", "the Negotiation itself" and "post-Negotiation" principles. Finally, although Imam Hassan (Peace be upon him) agreed to negotiate according to the interests of his time, they had principles and rules in peace Negotiations.

With the emergence of Islam and after that, Negotiation showed its importance in solving conflicts with opponents, however; there have always been disagreements about the capability of Negotiation in settling down conflicts, (Problem) an issue which has remained significant due to the lack of attention to the criteria of a desired Islamic Negotiation. Thus, we face this question: What criteria did Islam assign for Negotiation between Islamic government and other governments in order to reach divine-human goals and ideals? (Question) It is assumed that: applying these criteria is not just for solving disputes or reaching an agreement; rather all countries can reach their goals based on it. (Hypothesis) The present article seeks to extract the criteria of the desired Islamic Negotiation, so that, first, government officials consider them in the process of negotiating with other governments; and second, Muslim citizens be able to have a fair judgment about Negotiations.(Objective) Reaching this goal is done through using descriptive-analytical method and interpreting authentic Islamic sources. (Methodology) The results show that these affirmative (Ijabi) and privative (Salbi) criteria result in the fulfillment of ideals and as a result they can be summarized in seeking honor, being wise, pragmatism, and finally, seeking justice.

Negotiation, as an interactional strategy and proactive focus on form (FoF) have received increased attention in second language research. The combination of Negotiation and proactive FoF, however, has not been examined in relation to L2 vocabulary learning. To address this gap, the present study investigated how the amount of Negotiation and proactive FoF impacted learners’ vocabulary knowledge development. The participants were 100 adult learners of English, assigned to three experimental groups and one control group. The three experimental groups investigated three categories of no Negotiation, limited Negotiation, and extended Negotiation in proactive FoF. A pretest-posttest design was employed in order to detect any improvement in participants’ vocabulary knowledge components, consisting of collocations, synonyms, derivation, and hyponymy. The results revealed that (a) participants’ vocabulary knowledge significantly improved in all the experimental groups, (b) extended Negotiation was significantly superior to limited Negotiation, and limited Negotiation was significantly superior to no Negotiation in proactive FoF, and (c) derivation was the least affected vocabulary component by the treatment.

The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of Political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

Negotiation is a way of solving the international disputes and differences among the nations. Due to its importance, Negotiation has been influential and accepted by the international Communities, The implementation of this method (Negotiation) compare to other Juridical systems is sometimes the only way and Sometimes the pre - condition of solving the international conflicts. In spite of changes which have been Taken place in different diplomatic sections, this method (Negotiation) has not seen that much changes at the present time compare to the past, meanwhile it has been taken in to Consideration more often. In order to investigate this issue it is worthwhile to take into consideration two factors: Common interests and problems which is stemmed from disputes. Based on the purposes of each side and the dependability of them to basic issues of the Negotiation, the positive result of this method is confirmed. Within this process the negotiator must have precise and clear characteristics which will have influential effect in solving the internal conflict or disputes. Because of the mentioned importance of Negotiation, its real value and importance must be discovered and also it regulations should be correctly implemented.

This rational action plays a key role in achieving the goals interests of governments or two hostile currents. However, there are differences of opinion regarding the Negotiation, due to the differences in the perceptions of Political currents of thought from religious texts and sources in biography of the Holy Prophet. By study In the biography of the Prophet, there are several examples of this, one of the most important of which is the series of Political Negotiations that resulted in the peace of Hudaybiyyah. In this research using the valid sources of historical narration of Fariqin, in connection with the biography of the Prophet, the method of content analysis has been used; his most important principles in Negotiation are presented in form of triple Instructions: his thoughts, behavior and speeches. In conclusion the most important goals: providing the interests of the parties by preventing conflict, bedding for the realization of divine ideals and the recognition of the Islamic government has been recognized.